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Information exchange among competitors with a focus on trade associations
Stoláriková, Monika ; Šmejkal, Václav (advisor) ; Svoboda, Pavel (referee)
The subject matter of the present diploma thesis is an exchange of information as an individual cartel behavior. It focuses on processes and operations that are performed within the frame of activities of trade associations. It should, first, be noted that in most cases, the exchange of information is an absolutely legal way how to make qualified and successful decisions on the transparent market. However, under particular conditions, it may represent a danger in the form of violation of competition law. Such violation can present particularly an exchange of information that removes uncertainty in market relationships and enables companies to foresee behavior of other competitors. The primary objective of this thesis is to complexly describe an attitude that evolved in the interpretation and application practice of the European Commission, or as the case may be of the European courts. On the base of theoretical findings and analysis, the thesis defines criteria that are applied when assessing exchange of information and determines the border between the legal and illegal exchange of information among competitors in the actual law of the European Union. So far as the content is concerned, the thesis is divided into five separate chapters. The first one provides a general definition of the exchange of...
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Information exchange as an anticompetitive agreement: Thin ice between good and bad information exchange
Maliniak, Richard ; Šmejkal, Václav (advisor) ; Pítrová, Lenka (referee)
INFORMATION EXCHANGE AS AN ANTICOMPETITIVE AGREEMENT: THIN ICE BETWEEN GOOD AND BAD INFORMATION EXCHANGE ABSTRACT: The information exchange between competitors is one of the most controversial horizontal practices in competition law. Indeed, any exchange may have positive effects on competition as well as purely anti-competitive effects. Knowing the exact boundaries of a permissible and prohibited information exchange is absolutely crucial for entrepreneurs, as a clearly defined approach by competition authorities largely determines their own business (e.g., data aggregators and financial traders) and potentially beneficial communication such as benchmarking or information exchange enabling entrepreneurs to make better decisions on prices, demand, investment, business strategies, marketing and research & development. It is therefore absolutely crucial that the balance between good and bad information exchange is set correctly. On the one hand, there is a risk of so-called falsie positive conclusions (type I error), when behaviour that actually contributes to effective competition is condemned by the authorities as illegal. On the other hand, the price that society would pay for ignoring anti-competitive business practices, i.e., for the so-called false negative conclusions (type II error), is no less...
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Financial Secrecy and Its Impact on Cross-Border Deposits
Džmuráň, Daniel ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Novák, Jiří (referee)
The role of tax havens in the global issue of tax evasion has been illustrated by numerous studies. In 2009, a major international initiative has been launched by G20 and OECD with a purpose to put an end to offshore tax evasion. Yet the outcomes of this tax haven crackdown are often contested. This thesis brings new findings to the empirical research that has been done on the field of crackdown's evaluation. First, I confirm the results of earlier academic papers and I find a negative impact of information exchange treaties on the value of funds placed in tax havens. Second, I extend the existing research shifting the attention to deposits in non-havens, concluding that also the money from tax havens placed on non-havens' bank accounts disappear after signing a treaty. In the final part of the thesis, I - for the first time in literature - link the data on cross-border deposits with a measure of financial secrecy. I find that a decrease in secrecy score corresponds to a decline in deposits on a sample of all countries and non-havens. All my findings suggest that weakening the financial secrecy is associated with a significant outflow of cross-border deposits.
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Information exchange among competitors with a focus on trade associations
Stoláriková, Monika ; Šmejkal, Václav (advisor) ; Svoboda, Pavel (referee)
The subject matter of the present diploma thesis is an exchange of information as an individual cartel behavior. It focuses on processes and operations that are performed within the frame of activities of trade associations. It should, first, be noted that in most cases, the exchange of information is an absolutely legal way how to make qualified and successful decisions on the transparent market. However, under particular conditions, it may represent a danger in the form of violation of competition law. Such violation can present particularly an exchange of information that removes uncertainty in market relationships and enables companies to foresee behavior of other competitors. The primary objective of this thesis is to complexly describe an attitude that evolved in the interpretation and application practice of the European Commission, or as the case may be of the European courts. On the base of theoretical findings and analysis, the thesis defines criteria that are applied when assessing exchange of information and determines the border between the legal and illegal exchange of information among competitors in the actual law of the European Union. So far as the content is concerned, the thesis is divided into five separate chapters. The first one provides a general definition of the exchange of...
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